Determinants Of Maternal Mental Health Among Pregnant Women In Developing Countries: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Kesehatan mental ibu hamil merupakan isu krusial di negara berkembang karena tingginya prevalensi depresi, kecemasan, dan stres yang berdampak pada kesehatan ibu, janin, serta tumbuh kembang anak. Beban masalah meningkat akibat keterbatasan layanan kesehatan jiwa, stigma, dan rendahnya dukungan sosial. Scoping review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan kesehatan mental ibu hamil di negara berkembang. Scoping review ini dikembangkan menggunakan kerangka Population, Exposure, dan Outcome (PEO). Identifikasi literatur yang relevan dilakukan pada PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Wiley, dan Google Scholar. Pencarian literatur yang relevan dilakukan di database yaitu PubMed, Science Direct, Proquest, Wiley Online Library, dan grey literature yaitu google scholar. Proses pencarian literatur yaitu menggunakan PRISMA Flowchart, dan 15 dari 167.980 artikel dipilih berdasarkankriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil review ditemukan 3 determinan utama, yaitu faktor sosial dan demografis (usia, status pernikahan dan kepuasan hubungan, pendidikan, status ekonomi/pendapatan, pekerjaan, dan tempat tinggal), faktor psikososial dan lingkungan (KDRT, dukungan sosial dan pasangan, dan riwayat gangguan mental sebelumnya), serta faktor obstetri dan kesehatan fisik (riwayat aborsi/keguguran, usia kehamilan, komplikasi kehamilan/penyakit penyerta, dan status paritas). Upaya skrining rutin, peningkatan dukungan sosial, serta penguatan layanan kesehatan jiwa dalam sistem antenatal sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah dan menangani gangguan mental pada ibu hamil di negara berkembang.References
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8. Hong SA, Buntup D. Maternal Depression during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Scoping Review. IJERPH. 12 Maret 2023;20(6):5023.
9. Jacovides C, Papadopoulou SK, Pavlidou E, Dakanalis A, Alexatou O, Vorvolakos T, dkk. Association of Pregnant Women’s Perinatal Depression with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Perinatal and Postnatal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study. JCM. 3 April 2024;13(7):2096.
10. Wisner KL, Murphy C, Thomas MM. Prioritizing Maternal Mental Health in Addressing Morbidity and Mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 1 Mei 2024;81(5):521.
11. Harahap AP, Adi MS, Sriatmi A, Purnami CT. Exploring perinatal mental health in Indonesia: A mixed-method study in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara. Narra J. 19 Maret 2024;4(1):e667.
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16. Monterrosa-Castro Á, Romero-Martínez S, Monterrosa-Blanco A. Positive maternal mental health in pregnant women and its association with obstetric and psychosocial factors. BMC Public Health. 30 Mei 2023;23(1):1013.
17. Mansouri N, Azizi A, Jamshidi E. Factors associated with mental disorders in pregnant women covered by primary health care: a population-based study. fmpcr. 2022;24(4):322–7.
18. Jalal SM, Alsebeiy SH, Alshealah NMJ. Stress, Anxiety, and Depression During Pregnancy: A Survey Among Antenatal Women Attending Primary Health Centers. Healthcare. 7 November 2024;12(22):2227.
19. Kurbi HA, Abebe SM, Mengistu NW, Ayele TA, Toni AT. Prevalence and Associated factors of common mental disorders among pregnant women in Northwest, Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study. 14 November 2023.
20. Wegbom AI, Edet CK, Ogba AA, Osaro BO, Harry AM, Pepple BG, dkk. Determinants of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Hospitals in Urban Centers, Nigeria. Women. 6 Januari 2023;3(1):41–52.
21. Shahid A, Malik NI, Shahid F, Ullah I, Abbass Z. Psychosocial predictors of mental health among pregnant women. Perspect Psychiatric Care. Juli 2022;58(3):1071–6.
22. Kugbey N, Ayanore M, Doegah P, Chirwa M, Bartels SA, Davison CM, dkk. Prevalence and Correlates of Prenatal Depression, Anxiety and Suicidal Behaviours in the Volta Region of Ghana. IJERPH. 29 Mei 2021;18(11):5857.
23. Renbarger KM, Place JM, Schreiner M. The Influence of Four Constructs of Social Support on Pregnancy Experiences in Group Prenatal Care. Women’s Health Reports. 1 Juni 2021;2(1):154–62.
24. Al-Mutawtah M, Campbell E, Kubis HP, Erjavec M. Women’s experiences of social support during pregnancy: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 10 November 2023;23(1):782.
25. Khadivzadeh T, Shojaeian Z, Sahebi A. High Risk-pregnant Women’s Experiences of Risk Management: A Qualitative Study. IJCBNM. Januari 2023;11(1).
26. Ningrum EW, Lusmilasari L, Huriyati E, Marthias T, Hasanbasri M. Improving maternal health literacy among low-income pregnant women: A systematic review. Narra J. 8 Agustus 2024;4(2):e886.
27. Navon – Eyal M, Taubman - Ben-Ari O. Psychological Well-being during Pregnancy: The Contribution of Stress Factors and Maternal-Fetal Bonding. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. Januari 2025;43(1):47–61.
28. Adeoye IA, Sogbesan A, Esan O. Prevalence, associated factors and perinatal outcomes of antepartum depression in Ibadan Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 18 Maret 2022;22(1):219.
29. Nabwire M, Nakimuli A, Nakasujja N, Migisha R, Kiggundu C. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders Among Pregnant Women at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. IJWH. Februari 2024;16:237–47.
30. Insan N, Forrest S, Jaigirdar A, Islam R, Rankin J. Social Determinants and Prevalence of Antenatal Depression among Women in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. IJERPH. 29 Januari 2023;20(3):2364.
31. Corchero-Falcón MDR, Gómez-Salgado J, García-Iglesias JJ, Camacho-Vega JC, Fagundo-Rivera J, Carrasco-González AM. Risk Factors for Working Pregnant Women and Potential Adverse Consequences of Exposure: A Systematic Review. Int J Public Health. 16 Februari 2023;68:1605655.
32. Wu Y, De Asis-Cruz J, Limperopoulos C. Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy. Mol Psychiatry. Juli 2024;29(7):2223–40.
33. Best C, Ayers S, Sinesi A, Meades R, Cheyne H, Maxwell M, dkk. Socioeconomic deprivation and perinatal anxiety: an observational cohort study. BMC Public Health. 15 November 2024;24(1):3183.
34. Kirkbride JB, Anglin DM, Colman I, Dykxhoorn J, Jones PB, Patalay P, dkk. The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry. Februari 2024;23(1):58–90.
35. Tamiru D, Misgana T, Tariku M, Tesfaye D, Alemu D, Weldesenbet AB, dkk. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Common Mental Disorders Among Pregnant Mothers in Rural Eastern Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry. 28 Maret 2022;13:843984.
36. Kasujja M, Omara S, Senkungu N, Ndibuuza S, Kirabira J, Ibe U, dkk. Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health. 25 Maret 2024;24(1):195.
37. White SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, Salisbury T, Wahlich C, Montesinos Guevara CM, dkk. Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. Januari 2024;25(1):494–511.
38. Abrahams Z, Boisits S, Schneider M, Honikman S, Lund C. Facilitators and barriers to detection and treatment of depression, anxiety and experiences of domestic violence in pregnant women. Sci Rep. 1 Agustus 2023;13(1):12457.
39. Meng W, Shalayiding S, Wang X, Sailike B, Jiang T. Relationship between prenatal anxiety, depression, pregnancy stress and their social determinants. BMC Psychol. 12 Agustus 2025;13(1):905.
40. Racine N, Devereaux C, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Adverse childhood experiences and maternal anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. Desember 2021;21(1):28.
41. Abdelhafez MohsenMA, Ahmed KarimAM, Ahmed NashwaAM, Ismail M, Mohd Daud MNB, Ping NPT, dkk. Psychiatric illness and pregnancy: A literature review. Heliyon. November 2023;9(11):e20958.
42. Tambelli R, Tosto S, Favieri F. Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Sciences. 7 Februari 2025;15(2):173.
43. Barbe C, Ouy J, Boiteux-Chabrier M, Bouazzi L, Pham BN, Carrau-Truillet S, dkk. Exploring the impact of prior spontaneous miscarriage on stress among pregnant women during the first trimester: an observational study. BJGP Open. Maret 2023;7(1):BJGPO.2022.0100.
44. Kukulskien? M, Žemaitien? N. Experience of Late Miscarriage and Practical Implications for Post-Natal Health Care: Qualitative Study. Healthcare. 1 Januari 2022;10(1):79.
45. Karnwal R, Sharmila K. Perspective View of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Pregnant Women: A Review. JEOH. 4 Maret 2024;7–19.
46. Wang SW, Chen JL, Chen YH, Wang RH. Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Multiparous Women in the First Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research. 22 April 2022.
47. Rabinowitz EP, Kutash LA, Richeson AL, Sayer MA, Samii MR, Delahanty DL. Depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and postpartum: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Midwifery. Juni 2023;121:103655.
48. Ibrahim HA, Alshahrani MS, Elgzar WTI. Determinants of Prenatal Childbirth Fear during the Third Trimester among Low-Risk Expectant Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 25 Desember 2023;12(1):50.
49. Suryaningsih EK, Horhoruw CP. The Relationship between Parity and Anxiety Levels of Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester. Jurnal Kebidanan. 28 Februari 2024;13(1):23.
50. Shakarami A, Mirghafourvand M, Abdolalipour S, Jafarabadi MA, Iravani M. Comparison of fear, anxiety and self-efficacy of childbirth among primiparous and multiparous women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Desember 2021;21(1):642.
2. Pei Y, Chen Q, Zhang Y, He C, Wang J, Tang J, dkk. Factors associated with the mental health status of pregnant women in China: A latent class analysis. Front Public Health. 10 Januari 2023;10:1017410.
3. Atalell KA, Pereira G, Duko B, Nyadanu SD, Tessema GA. Perinatal and Childhood Risk Factors of Adverse Early Childhood Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review Using a Socioecological Model. Children. 20 Agustus 2025;12(8):1096.
4. Ahmad M, Sechi C, Vismara L. Advanced Maternal Age: A Scoping Review about the Psychological Impact on Mothers, Infants, and Their Relationship. Behavioral Sciences. 20 Februari 2024;14(3):147.
5. Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W, Sibbritt D. The association between social support and antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among Australian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Desember 2021;21(1):708.
6. WHO (World Health Organization). Perinatal mental health [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO (World Health Organization); 2019. 1 hlm. Tersedia pada: https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/promotion-prevention/maternal-mental-health
7. Mulupi S, Abubakar A, Nyongesa MK, Angwenyi V, Kabue M, Mwangi PM, dkk. Prevalence and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among pregnant women from an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 26 Februari 2025;25(1):213.
8. Hong SA, Buntup D. Maternal Depression during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Scoping Review. IJERPH. 12 Maret 2023;20(6):5023.
9. Jacovides C, Papadopoulou SK, Pavlidou E, Dakanalis A, Alexatou O, Vorvolakos T, dkk. Association of Pregnant Women’s Perinatal Depression with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Perinatal and Postnatal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study. JCM. 3 April 2024;13(7):2096.
10. Wisner KL, Murphy C, Thomas MM. Prioritizing Maternal Mental Health in Addressing Morbidity and Mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 1 Mei 2024;81(5):521.
11. Harahap AP, Adi MS, Sriatmi A, Purnami CT. Exploring perinatal mental health in Indonesia: A mixed-method study in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara. Narra J. 19 Maret 2024;4(1):e667.
12. Carter M, Russolillo A, Ou C, Zusman EZ, Hall WA, Cheung IW, dkk. Models and key elements of integrated perinatal mental health care: A scoping review. Montague-Cardoso K, editor. PLOS Ment Health. 17 Maret 2025;2(3):e0000164.
13. Kalra H, Tran T, Romero L, Sagar R, Fisher J. National policies and programs for perinatal mental health in India: A systematic review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2024;91:103836.
14. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Kastner M, dkk. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2016;16(1):1–10.
15. Tesfaye G, Madoro D, Tsegay L. Maternal psychological distress and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals, Ethiopia. Moreno-Peral P, editor. PLoS ONE. 19 Januari 2023;18(1):e0280470.
16. Monterrosa-Castro Á, Romero-Martínez S, Monterrosa-Blanco A. Positive maternal mental health in pregnant women and its association with obstetric and psychosocial factors. BMC Public Health. 30 Mei 2023;23(1):1013.
17. Mansouri N, Azizi A, Jamshidi E. Factors associated with mental disorders in pregnant women covered by primary health care: a population-based study. fmpcr. 2022;24(4):322–7.
18. Jalal SM, Alsebeiy SH, Alshealah NMJ. Stress, Anxiety, and Depression During Pregnancy: A Survey Among Antenatal Women Attending Primary Health Centers. Healthcare. 7 November 2024;12(22):2227.
19. Kurbi HA, Abebe SM, Mengistu NW, Ayele TA, Toni AT. Prevalence and Associated factors of common mental disorders among pregnant women in Northwest, Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study. 14 November 2023.
20. Wegbom AI, Edet CK, Ogba AA, Osaro BO, Harry AM, Pepple BG, dkk. Determinants of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Hospitals in Urban Centers, Nigeria. Women. 6 Januari 2023;3(1):41–52.
21. Shahid A, Malik NI, Shahid F, Ullah I, Abbass Z. Psychosocial predictors of mental health among pregnant women. Perspect Psychiatric Care. Juli 2022;58(3):1071–6.
22. Kugbey N, Ayanore M, Doegah P, Chirwa M, Bartels SA, Davison CM, dkk. Prevalence and Correlates of Prenatal Depression, Anxiety and Suicidal Behaviours in the Volta Region of Ghana. IJERPH. 29 Mei 2021;18(11):5857.
23. Renbarger KM, Place JM, Schreiner M. The Influence of Four Constructs of Social Support on Pregnancy Experiences in Group Prenatal Care. Women’s Health Reports. 1 Juni 2021;2(1):154–62.
24. Al-Mutawtah M, Campbell E, Kubis HP, Erjavec M. Women’s experiences of social support during pregnancy: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 10 November 2023;23(1):782.
25. Khadivzadeh T, Shojaeian Z, Sahebi A. High Risk-pregnant Women’s Experiences of Risk Management: A Qualitative Study. IJCBNM. Januari 2023;11(1).
26. Ningrum EW, Lusmilasari L, Huriyati E, Marthias T, Hasanbasri M. Improving maternal health literacy among low-income pregnant women: A systematic review. Narra J. 8 Agustus 2024;4(2):e886.
27. Navon – Eyal M, Taubman - Ben-Ari O. Psychological Well-being during Pregnancy: The Contribution of Stress Factors and Maternal-Fetal Bonding. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. Januari 2025;43(1):47–61.
28. Adeoye IA, Sogbesan A, Esan O. Prevalence, associated factors and perinatal outcomes of antepartum depression in Ibadan Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 18 Maret 2022;22(1):219.
29. Nabwire M, Nakimuli A, Nakasujja N, Migisha R, Kiggundu C. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders Among Pregnant Women at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. IJWH. Februari 2024;16:237–47.
30. Insan N, Forrest S, Jaigirdar A, Islam R, Rankin J. Social Determinants and Prevalence of Antenatal Depression among Women in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. IJERPH. 29 Januari 2023;20(3):2364.
31. Corchero-Falcón MDR, Gómez-Salgado J, García-Iglesias JJ, Camacho-Vega JC, Fagundo-Rivera J, Carrasco-González AM. Risk Factors for Working Pregnant Women and Potential Adverse Consequences of Exposure: A Systematic Review. Int J Public Health. 16 Februari 2023;68:1605655.
32. Wu Y, De Asis-Cruz J, Limperopoulos C. Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy. Mol Psychiatry. Juli 2024;29(7):2223–40.
33. Best C, Ayers S, Sinesi A, Meades R, Cheyne H, Maxwell M, dkk. Socioeconomic deprivation and perinatal anxiety: an observational cohort study. BMC Public Health. 15 November 2024;24(1):3183.
34. Kirkbride JB, Anglin DM, Colman I, Dykxhoorn J, Jones PB, Patalay P, dkk. The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry. Februari 2024;23(1):58–90.
35. Tamiru D, Misgana T, Tariku M, Tesfaye D, Alemu D, Weldesenbet AB, dkk. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Common Mental Disorders Among Pregnant Mothers in Rural Eastern Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry. 28 Maret 2022;13:843984.
36. Kasujja M, Omara S, Senkungu N, Ndibuuza S, Kirabira J, Ibe U, dkk. Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health. 25 Maret 2024;24(1):195.
37. White SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, Salisbury T, Wahlich C, Montesinos Guevara CM, dkk. Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. Januari 2024;25(1):494–511.
38. Abrahams Z, Boisits S, Schneider M, Honikman S, Lund C. Facilitators and barriers to detection and treatment of depression, anxiety and experiences of domestic violence in pregnant women. Sci Rep. 1 Agustus 2023;13(1):12457.
39. Meng W, Shalayiding S, Wang X, Sailike B, Jiang T. Relationship between prenatal anxiety, depression, pregnancy stress and their social determinants. BMC Psychol. 12 Agustus 2025;13(1):905.
40. Racine N, Devereaux C, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Adverse childhood experiences and maternal anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. Desember 2021;21(1):28.
41. Abdelhafez MohsenMA, Ahmed KarimAM, Ahmed NashwaAM, Ismail M, Mohd Daud MNB, Ping NPT, dkk. Psychiatric illness and pregnancy: A literature review. Heliyon. November 2023;9(11):e20958.
42. Tambelli R, Tosto S, Favieri F. Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Sciences. 7 Februari 2025;15(2):173.
43. Barbe C, Ouy J, Boiteux-Chabrier M, Bouazzi L, Pham BN, Carrau-Truillet S, dkk. Exploring the impact of prior spontaneous miscarriage on stress among pregnant women during the first trimester: an observational study. BJGP Open. Maret 2023;7(1):BJGPO.2022.0100.
44. Kukulskien? M, Žemaitien? N. Experience of Late Miscarriage and Practical Implications for Post-Natal Health Care: Qualitative Study. Healthcare. 1 Januari 2022;10(1):79.
45. Karnwal R, Sharmila K. Perspective View of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Pregnant Women: A Review. JEOH. 4 Maret 2024;7–19.
46. Wang SW, Chen JL, Chen YH, Wang RH. Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Multiparous Women in the First Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research. 22 April 2022.
47. Rabinowitz EP, Kutash LA, Richeson AL, Sayer MA, Samii MR, Delahanty DL. Depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and postpartum: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Midwifery. Juni 2023;121:103655.
48. Ibrahim HA, Alshahrani MS, Elgzar WTI. Determinants of Prenatal Childbirth Fear during the Third Trimester among Low-Risk Expectant Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 25 Desember 2023;12(1):50.
49. Suryaningsih EK, Horhoruw CP. The Relationship between Parity and Anxiety Levels of Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester. Jurnal Kebidanan. 28 Februari 2024;13(1):23.
50. Shakarami A, Mirghafourvand M, Abdolalipour S, Jafarabadi MA, Iravani M. Comparison of fear, anxiety and self-efficacy of childbirth among primiparous and multiparous women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Desember 2021;21(1):642.
Published
2026-02-11
How to Cite
AMBARSARI, Lusiana; ROHMAH, Amrina Nur; KUSUMA, Ima Candra.
Determinants Of Maternal Mental Health Among Pregnant Women In Developing Countries: A Scoping Review.
Jurnal Borneo Cendekia, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 20-38, feb. 2026.
ISSN 2549-1822.
Available at: <https://journal.stikesborneocendekiamedika.ac.id/index.php/jbc/article/view/665>. Date accessed: 01 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.54411/jbc.v9i2.665.
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